Classical item analysis and IRT analysis yielded good psychometric properties for both scales and revealed that the scales are appropriate for measuring high cognitive abilities. A factor analysis revealed a two-factor structure and the existence of a verbal–numerical and a visuo–spatial working memory scale. Six computer-assisted working memory tasks were administered to 172 children from regular schools and to 202 children from special schools and other institutions for the gifted. These working memory scales should measure cognitive abilities reliably in the upper range of ability distribution as well as in the normal range, and provide a much-needed, reliable, and valid test for assessing high intellectual abilities in children. The objective of this study is to explore the potential for developing IRT-based working memory scales for assessing specific working memory components in children (8–13 years). Thus, while the capability for interhemispheric interactions, as inferred from callosal size, may provide performance benefits for older adults, this capacity alone does not assure protection from general performance decline. Our results indicate that older adults with larger size of the anterior half of the CC exhibit better cognitive function, although their performance was still poorer than young adults with similar CC size. Furthermore, older adults with larger size in these callosal areas performed better on assessments of working memory and processing speed. We found that older adults had significantly smaller callosal area in the anterior and mid-body of the CC than young adults. Here we determine whether there are age differences in the relationship between cross-sectional area of the CC and performance on cognitive tests of psychomotor processing speed and working memory. Interhemispheric communication is primarily mediated via the corpus callosum (CC), however with advancing age the anterior half of the CC undergoes significant atrophy. In many cases bilateral cortical activation in older adults has been associated with better task performance, suggesting that a greater reliance on interhemispheric interactions aids performance. Correlational analyses found gender differences in the relation between self-efficacy and proportional reasoning. As similar findings have recently been shown for mental multiplication, the current study suggests that this relationship between working memory capacity and self-efficacy also holds for proportional reasoning. While short-term memory and self-efficacy played a role in performance, self-efficacy explained a significant proportion of the variance in performance above and beyond the effects of short-term memory. The task was composed of problems featuring fractions, percentages and probabilities, which included simple problems requiring mainly memory retrieval, as well as problems that required calculation and operation-switching. Participants completed standard working memory measures of storage as well as storage and transformation (verbal and numerical), reported their self-efficacy with numerical information and attempted a time-restricted numeracy task. This study investigated the influence of self-efficacy and working memory on time-pressured completion of a test of proportional reasoning. These findings highlight the multifaceted nature of WM, which is often overlooked in the alcohol and impulsivity literature. Whereas Study 1 found that WM capacity moderates the relationship between some measures of impulsivity and alcohol involvement, with effects prospectively predicting alcohol involvement for up to three years, Study 2 did not find similar moderation effects when using measures of WM updating. Study 2 used a large ( N = 420), cross-sectional sample of participants in an alcohol challenge study to investigate similar interactions between WM updating and impulsivity on recent alcohol involvement. Study 1 used a large ( N = 489 at baseline), prospective cohort of college students at high and low risk for AUD to investigate interactions between WM capacity and impulsivity on cross-sectional and prospective alcohol involvement. This paper reports two studies that attempted to replicate and extend previous investigations of the relationship between WM, impulsivity, and alcohol involvement using two independent samples. Recent theorizing posits that working memory (WM) ability might moderate this association, but extant studies have suffered from methodological shortcomings, particularly mischaracterizing WM as a single, unitary construct and using only cross-sectional designs. Research consistently shows that individuals high in impulsivity are at increased risk for excessive alcohol use and alcohol-related problems including alcohol use disorders (AUDs).
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